Understanding the Psychological Determinants of Incel Identity in Male Young Adults

Authors

  • Mehreen Taufiq Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Inam-ur-Rehman Lecturer, Department of Psychology, DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Dr. Asbah Zia Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Kawthar University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62843/jssr.v6i3.740

Keywords:

Incel Identity, Social Rejection, Attachment Styles, Pakistani Young Adult Males

Abstract

The present study investigated the relationship between perceived social rejection, attachment styles, and incel identity among young adult males in Pakistan. Using a quantitative correlational research design, data were collected from 190 males aged 18–35 years recruited from universities in Karachi and through social media networks. Participants completed a demographic form, the Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity Scale (IRSS), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and the Incel Trait Scale (ITS). Prior to participation, informed consent was obtained, and data were collected anonymously through Google Forms. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between perceived social rejection and incel identity (r = .189, p = .009), indicating that higher levels of perceived social rejection were associated with stronger incel identity. Attachment styles were also significantly positively correlated with incel identity (r = .214, p = .003), suggesting that attachment insecurity is linked to greater incel identification. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between perceived social rejection and attachment styles (r = .510, p < .001). Overall, the results supported the proposed hypotheses and demonstrated that higher perceived social rejection and attachment insecurity are associated with higher levels of incel identity among young adult males in Pakistan.

Author Biography

  • Dr. Asbah Zia, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Al-Kawthar University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

    Corresponding Author: dr.asbah@alkawthar.edu.pk 

References

Andersen, J. C. (2023). The symbolic boundary work of incels: Subcultural negotiation of meaning and identity online. Deviant Behavior, 44(7), 1081–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2022.2142864

Baele, S. J., Brace, L., & Coan, T. G. (2021). From “Incel” to “Saint”: Analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 Toronto attack. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(8), 1667–1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1638256

Berenson, K. R., Gyurak, A., Ayduk, Ö., Downey, G., Garner, M. J., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Rejection sensitivity and disruption of attention by social threat cues. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1064–1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.007

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1969).

Costello, W., Rolon, V., Thomas, A. G., & Schmitt, D. P. (2022). Levels of well-being among men who are incel (involuntarily celibate). Evolutionary Psychological Science, 8, 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00336-x

Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327

Fowler, K. (2022). From chads to blackpills, a discursive analysis of the incel’s gendered spectrum of political agency. Deviant Behavior, 43(11), 1406–1419. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2021.1985387

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511

Hofstra, J., van Oudenhoven, J. P., & Buunk, B. P. (2005). Attachment styles and majority members' attitudes towards adaptation strategies of immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(5), 601–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.009

Jones, A. (2020). Incels and the manosphere: Tracking men's movements online [Electronic Theses and Dissertations]. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd2020/65

Lindsay, A. (2022). Swallowing the black pill: Involuntary celibates’ (incels) anti-feminism within digital society. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 11(1), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2138

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Scaptura, M. N., & Boyle, K. M. (2020). Masculinity threat, “incel” traits, and violent fantasies among heterosexual men in the United States. Feminist Criminology, 15(3), 278–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119896415

Van Oudenhoven, J. P., Hofstra, J., & Bakker, W. (2003). Ontwikkeling en evaluatie van de Hechtingstijlvragenlijst (HSL). Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie, 58, 95–102.

Zimmerman, S. (2024). The ideology of incels: Misogyny and victimhood as justification for political violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(2), 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2022.2129014

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Understanding the Psychological Determinants of Incel Identity in Male Young Adults. (2026). Journal of Social Sciences Review, 6(3), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.62843/jssr.v6i3.740